Pharmaceutics Lab Manual 2

Emulsions

 

Definition:

          “An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible and are thermodynamically unstable.”

In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase).

Examples of emulsions include vinaigrettes, homogenized milk, mayonnaise, and some cutting fluids for metal working.

Emulsions are unstable unless the third component emulsifying agent/emulsifiers is introduced in the system. In the absence of emulsifying agent globules undergo coalescence (fusion of droplets to form larger drops with reduced total surface area) forming separate layers of the two phases.

Emulsifying Agents:

           Emulsions are stabilized by adding an emulsifier or emulsifying agents.

An emulsifier (also known as an "emulgent") is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability. One class of emulsifier is known as "surface active agents", or surfactants.

Emulsifying agents used in foods include agar, albumin, alginates, casein, egg yolk, glycerol monostearate, gums, Irish moss, lecithin, soaps.

Types of Emulsion:

Depending upon the nature of the dispersed phase, the emulsions are classified as;

(i)                             Oil-in-water emulsions (O/W)

(ii)                           Water-in-oil emulsions (W/O)

 

(i)                             Oil-in-water emulsions (O/W):

          “The emulsion in which oil is present as the dispersed phase and water as the dispersion medium (continuous phase) is called an oil-in-water emulsion.”

Milk is an example of the oil-in-water type of emulsion. In milk liquid fat globules are dispersed in water. Other examples are vanishing cream etc.

(ii)                         Water-in-oil emulsion (W/O) :

            “The emulsion in which water forms the dispersed phase, and the oil acts as the dispersion medium is called water-in-oil emulsion.”

 These emulsion are also termed as oil emulsions.

Butter and cold cream are typical examples of this type of emulsion. Other examples are cod liver oil etc.

Preparation of Emulsions:

The first step in the preparation is to make a primary emulsion. The primary emulsion contains oil, some of the water, and the emulsifying agent. Four parts of oil to two parts of water to one part of Gum is used (4:2:1).

Methods of Preparation of Emulsions:

Emulsions can be prepared by two methods:

(i)                             Dry Gum Method.

(ii)                           Wet Gum Method.

(i)                            Dry Gum Method(4:2:1):

In a mortar, the 1 part gum is levigated with the 4 parts oil until the powder is thoroughly wetted; then the 2 parts water are added all at once, and the mixture is vigorously and continually triturated until the primary emulsion formed is creamy white and produces a "crackling" sound as it is triturated (usually 3-4 minutes).Additional water or aqueous solutions may be incorporated after the primary emulsion is formed.

(ii)                         Wet Gum Method(2:4:1):

In this method, the proportions of oil, water, and emulsifier are the same, but the order and techniques of mixing are different. The 1 part gum is triturated with 2 parts water to form a mucilage.Then the 4 parts oil is added slowly, in portions, while triturating.

After all the oil is added, the mixture is triturated for several minutes to form the primary emulsion.

This method is more difficult to perform successfully, especially with more viscous oils, but may result in a more stable emulsion.

 

 

 

 

Experiment No:  01

 

PREPARE AND DISPENSE COLD CREAM

 

Apparatus:

·         Pestle and mortar

·         Beaker

·         Stirrer

·         Water bath

Ingredients:

·         Bees wax                                                                    3.5g

·         Mineral oil / liquid paraffin                          20g

·         Palin wax                                                                   9.5g

·         Cetyl alcohol                                                              1g

·         Borax                                                                         0.4g

·         Phenol                                                                        1%

·         Perfume                                                                    qs

·         Water                                                             Sufficient Quantity

Procedure:

·         Melt gradually bee’s wax, mineral oil, palin wax and cetyl alcohol in Beaker-A

·         Then heat borax, phenol and water in Beaker-B

·         Heat both Beakers at 70º c with stirring.

·         Add Beakers-B in Beaker-A with continuous stirring until a smooth cream is formed.

·         Then add perfume and cool the cream properly

·         Fill it in suitable container and label it.

Use:

It is a W/O Emulsion and used as:

·         Emollient

·         Ointment base

·         Skin cleanser

 

 

Role of Ingredients:

·         Bees wax                                Increase consistency and stabilizing agent

 

·         Mineral oil                              Used as oil phase for solvent

 

·         Palin wax                               Stiffening agent

 

·         Cetyl Alcohol                         As Emollient

 

·         Borax                                      Antiseptic

 

·         Phenol                                    As a Preservative

 

How cold cream moisturizes Skin:

There are three process by which skin moisturizes by cold cream.

1.     Occlusive:

A thin layer formed on the surface of skin to prevent loss of water.

 

2.     Humedonts:

In this process water vapors attract from the air to moisturize the skin.

 

3.      Restoration of deficient materials:
           Try to restore natural moisturizing factors on skin such as amino lipids.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MELAS BEUTY CREAM

 

Generic Name:

Cold cream

Ingredients:

·         Bees wax

·         Mineral oil

·         Palin wax

·         Cetyl alcohol

·         Borax

·         Phenol

·         Perfume

Indication:

                         Apply gently on skin

Made By:

                        S.S Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

 

 

 

 

 

Registration no: 678

Batch no: 3812

Mfg. date: 3/2017

Exp date: 3/2019

Price: 190

 

 

 

Experiment No:   02

Prepare and Dispense Paracetamol Suspension

 

Apparatus:

·         Beakers

·         Stirrer

·         Agitator

·         Balance

Ingredients:

·         Paracetamol                                           0.72g

·         Glycerin                                                 2g

·         Xanthan gum                                         50g

·         Sugar                                                      15g

·         Methyl paraben                                     0.5g

·         Propyl paraben                                     0.5g

·         Flavor                                                     2g

·         Color                                                      0.5g

·         Citric acid                                              25g

 

Procedure:

·         Add Paracetamol in glycerin in Beaker A and heat it until mix.

·         Add sugar in water in Beaker B to make syrup by heating it gently or using magnetic stirrer.

·         Soak xanthan gum in 100ml of water in Beaker C for 24 hours.

·         Now mix that soaked gum (Beaker C) in sugar syrup (Beaker B).

·         Then add this mixture to glycerin containing active ingredient (Beaker A).

·         Mix it gently and homogenexoly by using silver mixer or magnetic stirrer.

·         Pour the suspension in bottle and label it.

 

Uses:

·       It is used to treat mild to moderate pain including headache, migraine, neuralgia, toothache, sore throat, period pains, aches and pains.

·       It helps to reduce a fever and to help relieve the symptoms of cold and flu.

It is given to:

·         Neonates

·         Infants

 

Role of Ingredients:

 

·         Paracetamol                                       Active Drug   

 

·         Glycerin                                             Vehicle

 

·         Xanthan gum                                     Thickening agent / Suspending agent

 

·         Sugar                                                  Sweetening agent

                                   

·         Methyl paraben                                 Preservative

 

·         Propyl paraben                                 Preservative

 

·         Flavor                                                 Flavourant

 

·         Color                                                  Coloring agent

           

·         Citric acid                                          Ph balancing agent

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Suspension

Definition:         

“Preparation containing finely divided drug particles distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility.”

Types of suspensions:

There are two types of suspensions named as:

• Oral suspension
• For oral suspension

Oral suspension:

          Prepared suspensions not requiring reconstitution at the time of dispensing are designated as “oral suspension.”

Examples:

• Simethicone oral suspension
• Nystatin oral suspension

For oral suspension:

Prepared suspensions that requiring reconstitution at the time of dispensing is designated as “for oral suspension.”

Examples:

·       Suprax for oral suspension

·       Ampicillin for oral suspension

 

 

Routes of administration:

The routes of administration of suspensions are:

• Oral
• Topical
• Parental

 

Reasons for suspensions:

These are the reasons for formulating the pharmaceutical suspension:

• To mask the bitter taste of the drug
• To increase the drug solubility
• To achieve controlled/sustained drug release.

Preparation of suspensions:

Step 1:

Suspensions are prepared by grinding or levigating the insoluble materials in the mortar to a smooth paste with a vehicle containing the wetting agent.

Step 2:

          All soluble ingredients are dissolved in same portion of the vehicle and added to the smooth paste to step1 to get slurry.

Step 3:

          The slurry is transformed to a graduated cylinder the mortar is rinsed with successive portion of the vehicle.

Step 4:

Decide whether the solids are

• Suspended in a structured vehicle
• Flocculated
• Flocculated and then suspended

 Add the vehicle containing the suspending agent or flocculating agent

 Step-5

          Make up the dispersion to the final volume, and thus the suspension is prepared.

Applications of suspensions:

• Suspension is usually applicable for drug which is insoluble or poorly soluble.

E.g. Prednisolone suspension.

• To prevent degradation of drug or to improve stability of drug.

E.g. Oxy tetracycline suspension.

 

• To mask the taste of bitter of unpleasant drug.

E.g. Chloramphenicol palmitate suspension.

• Suspension of drug can be formulated for topical application.

E.g. Calamine lotion.

• Suspension can be formulated for parental application in order to control rate of drug absorption.

E.g. penicillin procaine.

• Vaccines as an immunizing agent are often formulated as suspension.

E.g. Cholera vaccine.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment No: 03                                                                                

Prepare and Dispense Antacid Suspension

 

Apparatus:

·         Beaker

·         Stirrer

·         Agitator

·         Balance

Ingredients:

·         Aluminum Hydro-oxide gel                          18 g

·         Sorbitol or Mannitol                         35 g

·         Methyl Paraben                                             0.1 g

·         Propyl paraben                                            0.1 g

·         Saccharin                                                       0.025 g

·         Peppermint                                                    0.0025 g

·         Alcohol                                                          0.5 g

·         Purified Water                                              50 ml

 

Procedure:

·         Dissolve all the ingredients in alcohol in Beaker-A

·         Take half of the volume of purified water in Beaker-B and add in Beaker-A with agitation.

·         At the end add remaining half water in it and agitate it properly.

·         Fill it in appropriate container and label it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Role of Ingredients:

·         Aluminum Hydro-oxide gel                          Antacid

                                   

·         sorbitol or Mannitol                                      Flavourant      

                                   

·         Methyl Paraben                                             Preservative    

           

·         Propyl paraben                                             Preservative

 

·         Saccharin                                                       Sweetner

 

·         Peppermint                                                    Flavourant

           

·         Alcohol                                                           Vehicle

 

·         Purified Water                                              Vehicle

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MAYOGEL SUSPENSION

 

Generic Name:

                              Antacid suspension

Ingredients:

·         AlOH

·         Methyl Paraben

·         Propyl paraben

·         Saccharin

·         Peppermint oil

·         Alcohol

·         Purified water

Indications:

·         Relives heart burn

·         Soul stomach

·         Acid indigestion

Manufactured By:

          Getz Pharmaceutical

 

 

 

Registration No: 115

Batch No: 3036

Mfg. Date: 4/2017

Exp Date: 4/2019

Price: 150

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment No: 04

Preparation of Mouthwash

 

Apparatus:

·         Beakers

·         Stirrer

·         Agitator

·         Balance

Ingredients:

·         Cetyl pyridinium chloride                                                      1g

·         Citric acid                                                                              1g

·         Sweeteners                                                                             0.4g

·         Flavor (peppermint oil)                                                          15ml

·         Alcohol                                                                                  100ml

·         Sorbitol                                                                                  200g

·         Purified water                                                                        1000ml (qs)

 

Procedure:

·        Dissolve cetyl pyridinium chloride and sweetener in a sufficient amount of purified water + Alcohol in Beaker A.

·         Mix citric acid, sorbitol and flavor in Beaker B

·         Mix Beaker B in Beaker A by continuous stirring.

·         Pour the liquid in bottle and label it.

 

 

Uses:

• Used to treat bad breath
• Prevent calculus formation
• Acts as Anti-Bacterial

 

 

 

 

Role of Ingredients:

 

·         Cetyl pyridinium chloride                           Anti-bacterial 

                                              

·         Citric acid                                                     Preservative and PH balancing agent                                                                                     

·         Sweeteners                                                    To mask bitter taste                                                                            

·         Flavor (peppermint oil)                               Flavourant

                      

·         Alcohol                                                          Vehicle

                      

·         Sorbitol                                             Sweetner

                      

·         Purified water                                              Vehicle                       

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment No: 05

To prepare and dispense HCE diuretic suspension

Apparatus:

• Beakers
• Stirrer
• Agitator
• Balance
• Pestle and mortar

 

Ingredients:

·         Hydrochlorothiazide                                                 25 mg/ 5 tablets

·         Carboxy methyl cellulose                                          1.2 g

·         Water                                                                         qs to make volume up to 60 ml

 

Procedure:

·         Take 5 tablets of hydrochlorothiazide in pestle and mortar and grind them.

·         Then add a little water and make a paste of it.

·         Take 1.2 g of CMC to above ingredients.

·         Add water up to 60ml and transfer it in a narrow mouth bottle.

·         Seal the cap and dispense it with proper label.

 

Role of Ingredients:

·        Hydrochlorothiazide                                     Lowers  Blood Pressure

·        CMC                                                              Suspending agent

·        Water                                                             vehicle

 

Uses:

·        It is used as diuretic

 

 

 

Colloidal solution

 

Definition:

A colloidal solution, sometimes known as a colloidal suspension, is a solution in which a material is evenly suspended in a liquid. In other words, a colloid is a microscopically small substance that is equally dispersed throughout another material. Particle size is 0.5nm to 1µm.

 

Types:

Colloids are characterized:

·         According to the state of the dispersed phase and the state of dispersion medium.

·         Nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.

·         Types of particles of the dispersed phase.

 

Dispersion Medium	Dispersed Phase	Type of Colloid
Liquid	Solid	Sol
Liquid	Liquid	Emulsion
Liquid	Gas	Foam
Gas	Solid	Aerosols

 

PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTION:

Lyophilic colloids can be prepared by just heating the solid with the liquid dispersion medium. Whereas the lyophobic colloids cannot be prepared just by heating, they need to be prepared by some special methods.

The two methods by which the lyophobic colloids can be prepared are as follows:

1.      Dispersion method

2.      Aggregation method

Dispersion Methods:

In this type of preparation method, the larger particles are broken down into particles of the range of colloidal particle size.

Some of the dispersion methods are:

·         Mechanical Dispersion:

In this method, solid and the liquid dispersion medium are poured into the colloidal mill to form a colloidal sol.

·         Bredig’s Arc method (Electro dispersion):

Hydrosols of metals e.g., platinum, silver, gold are prepared by this method. The metal electrodes are kept at the two sides of the arc which is enclosed by deionized water. The excessive heat provided by the spark vaporizes some traces of the metal and water gets condensed by vapors. Some amount of KOH is added to water as a stabilizing agent.

·         Peptization: 

In Peptization method, some electrolytes are added to form a colloidal sol from a freshly prepared precipitate. Example: Ferric chloride is added to a freshly prepared precipitate of ferric hydroxide which converts it into a colloidal sol of reddish brown in color.

 

Aggregation methods:

In this method small particles are aggregated to form colloidal size particles.

·        Double Decomposition:

Example: Arsenous oxide is mixed with hydrogen sulphide to form arsenic sulphide sol. The excess amount of hydrogen sulphide is removed by passing stream of hydrogen.

As₂O₃ + 3H₂S → As₂S₃ (sol) + 3H₂O

 

·        Reduction:

Example: Noble gases are reacted with organic reducing agents like ethanol, tannic acid, formaldehyde to form their respective sol.

AgNO₃+ tannic acid → Ag-sol

·         Oxidation:

Example: When hydrogen sulphide is passed through a solution of sulfur dioxide it forms a sulfur sol.

2 H₂S + S₂O → 2H₂O + S

 This is just a brief layout of some of the methods of preparation of colloids.

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment No: 06

Prepare and dispense gelatin colloidal solution

 

Apparatus:

·         Weight balance

·         Beaker

·         Stirrer

·         Water bath

Ingredients:

·         Gelatin                                                2g

·         Distilled Water                                    500ml

Procedure:

·         Weight 2g of gelatin powder carefully using analytical balance.

·         Take 500 ml of diluted H2O in beaker.

·          Heat the H2O at 80.90c.

·         Then weigh amount of gelatin and add it in heated water with continuous stirring till it is dissolved.

·         Cool other solution at room temperature without applying any mean of cooling.

·         Cool solution of gelatin at room temperature shows a solution of gelatin.

Role of Ingredient:

·         Gelatin                                                Strengthen the bones

 

·         Water                                                 Dispersion medium

 

Uses:

·         It is used as volume make up for blood plasma.

·         It is used to treat arthritis and Osteoporosis.

·         It is also used for Weight loss.

 

 

 

 

VISCOSITY

 

 

Introduction:

 

The internal friction of liquids, due to intermolecular attractions, is known as viscosity. In a flowing liquid each layer of molecules exerts a drag on the next, and to cause the liquid to flow, work must be done to push the layers past one another. Newton showed that the applied force, F was proportional to A and to du/dx_; the proportionality constant being the coefficient of viscosity, η, hence,

 

                                      n1 =    n2

 

 

Units of Viscosity:

 

  The unit of viscosity is the poise (g.cm^-l sec^-l) e.g. water at 20^ο C = 0.01002 poise = 1.002 centipoise. Kinematic viscosity, v, is absolute viscosity divided by density, and the units are stokes and centistokes. For water at 20° v = 0.01004 = 1.004 centistokes. Another term sometimes used is the fluidity, which is the reciprocal of the absolute viscosity.

 

Apparatus Used:

The Ostwald’s viscometer has the form of U-tube with bulbs at A (B) and C, a capillary tube and marks at E and F. Liquid is forced up bulb C to above mark E, and the time taken for the meniscus to fall from E to F noted.

Factors Affecting:

Shear Rate:

The shear rate is an important parameter in defining viscosity (refer to the two-plate model) and also in specifying a substance's flow behavior.
The vital question is whether a change of shear rate does or does not change a fluid's viscosity. This question draws the line between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.

 

Temperature:

A fluid's viscosity strongly depends on its temperature. Along with the shear rate, temperature really is the dominating influence. The higher the temperature is, the lower a substance's viscosity is. Consequently, decreasing temperature causes an increase in viscosity. The relationship between temperature and viscosity is inversely proportional for all substances. A change in temperature always affects the viscosity – it depends on the substance just how much it is influenced by a temperature change. For some fluids a decrease of 1°C already causes a 10 % increase in viscosity.

Pressure:

In most cases, a fluid's viscosity increases with increasing pressure. Compared to the temperature influence, liquids are influenced very little by the applied pressure. The reason is that liquids (other than gases) are almost non-compressible at low or medium pressures. For most liquids, a considerable change in pressure from 0.1 to 30 MPa causes about the same change in viscosity as a temperature change of about 1 K (1°C).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment No: 07

Determination of Viscosity of Unknown Liquid using Ostwald’s Viscometer

(At Room Temperature)

 

Purpose:

To study the flow of characteristic of liquid and determine resistance to flow.

To develop the concept of related to the viscosity and handling of viscometer.

 

Chemicals/Reagents:

• Glycerin
• Or Ethyl Acetate
• Or Cough Syrup
• Or Solutions
• Or Simple Syrup
• Distil. Water
• Washing Solution

 

Equipment/Glassware:

• Ostwald’s Viscometer
• Pycnometer Density Bottle
• Beaker
• Thermometer
• Burret stand
• Electronic balance
• Stop watch
• Glass maker
• Conical flask

 

Procedure:

 

• Thoroughly clean the viscometer with the mixture of warm chronic acid and if necessary clean the viscometer with the solvent.
• After cleaning the viscometer dry it properly by passing current of air or dry it in oven.
• Fix the viscometer on the Burret stand vertically.
• Determine the density by pycnometer.
• Fil the purified water in viscometer.
• Report the time taken to flow water between 2 points.
• Repeat the reading at least 3 times carefully & take average of these readings for calculations.
• Removed purified water from the pycnometer and rinse with the liquid under investigation for 2-3 times & then fill the liquid in the same as purified water.
• Further average the equipment properly & report the time taken to flow of liquid b/w 2 points; A & B.
• Take the readings at least 3 times and take average for calculation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Observation:

Weight of empty pycnometer =W1=

Weight of pycnometer + water= W2=

Weight of water =W2 – W1 =W3=

Volume of pycnometer=V=

Density Of water=d2=m/v=

 

Weight of empty pycnometer =W1=

Weight of pycnometer + liquid= W2=

Weight of liquid=W2 – W1 =W3=

Volume of pycnometer=V=

Density of liquid=d1=m/v=

Sr No.	Liquid	Time taken to flow of Liquid b/w two points	Average

Calculations:

Calculate water density=d2=

Calculate liquid density= d1=

Calculate the viscosity of liquid by using following

                 n1 =    n2    =

Where,

η1 = viscosity of liquid=

η2 = viscosity of purified water=

d2 = density of purified water=

d1 = density of liquid=

t1 = flow time of liquid b/w 2 points=

t2 = flow time of purified water b/w 2 points=

Result:

 

Viscosity of a liquid at room temperature is_______________ poise.

 Or

Viscosity of a liquid at room temperature is _____________Cent poise (cps)

Experiment No: 08

To Determine the Viscosity of Paracetamol Suspension/ Shampoo using Ostwald’s Viscometer

 

Purpose:

To Study the Effect of Suspending Agent in Suspension on viscosity of Final Products.

To Study the Effect Of viscosity on Pharmacology.

Viscosity response/role in the preparation of pharmaceutical Products.

Requirements:

·        Paracetamol suspension on shampoo

·        Ostwald’s  viscometer

·        Pycnometer

·        Beaker

·        Stopwatch

·        Electronic balance

·        Conical  flask

·        Burette

·        Stand

·        Thermometer

Procedure:

·         Prepare Paracetamol suspension using given formula or as per the instruction of the teacher.

·         Particle of dispersed phase must be uniform and should not block capillary of Viscometer.

·         Thoroughly clean viscometer with a mixture of warm chromic acid and if necessary clean with the solvent.

·         After cleaning viscometer dry it completely by current of hot air or dry in oven.

·         Shake suspension properly before filling in viscometer.

·         Hang viscometer on burette stand vertically.

·         Determine density of suspension using pycnometer as density bottle.

·         Determine the viscosity

Observation:

Weight of empty pycnometer =W1=

Weight of pycnometer + suspension= W2=

Weight of suspension=W2 – W1 =W3=

Volume of pycnometer=V=

Density of suspension=d1=m/v=

Sr No.	Liquid	Time taken to flow of Liquid b/w two points	Average

 

Calculations:

Density of water=d2=

Density of Paracetamol suspension= d1=

Calculate the viscosity by using following:

              n1 =    n2   =

Where,

η1 = viscosity of Paracetamol suspension=

η2 = viscosity of purified water=

d2 = density of purified water=

d1 = density of Paracetamol suspension=

t1 = flow time of suspension b/w 2 points=

t2 = flow time of purified water b/w 2 points=

Result:

Viscosity of Paracetamol suspension at room temperature is_______________ poise.

Or

Viscosity of suspension at room temperature is___________Cent poise (cps)

Experiment No: 09

TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TEMPRATURE ON VISCOSITY

 

Purpose:

                  To learn the effect of temperature on viscosity.

Chemicals/Reagents:

·         Sucrose syrup

·         Glycerin

·         Distilled water

Equipment/Glassware

·         Ostwald’s Viscometer

·         Pycnometer Density Bottle

·         Beaker

·         Thermometer

·         Burret stand

·         Electronic balance

·         Stop watch

·         Glass maker

·       Conical flask

 

Procedure

·         Prepare saturated solution of sucrose in purified water if necessary filter it without warming the sucrose solution.

·         Arrange the assembly.

·         Before setting, thoroughly clean the glass wares as well as equipments required in the experiment.

·         After cleaning the viscometer, dry it completely using current of hot air and dry in the oven.

·         Determine the density of suspension using pycnometer.

·         Report the time taken to flow for purified water and sucrose.

·         Under the same condition note the time taken between 2 points, at different temperature.

Observations:

 

Sr. NO   Liquid        Temperature   Weight of pycnometer with Liquid   Density of Liquid (G/CM3)       1         2           3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Calculations:

Calculate viscosity at different Temperatures by using above values of density in formula:

n1 =    n2

Viscosity at room Temperature:

 

 

 

 

 

Viscosity at           Temperature:

 

 

 

 

 

Viscosity at          Temperature:

 

 

 

 

Result:

             Viscosity of sucrose solution decreases with the increase in temperature. Plot a graph between temperature and viscosity.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experiment No: 10

TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF POLARITY ON VISCOSITY (ethanol /glycol and glycerol)

 

Chemicals /reagent:

·         Ethanol

·         Glycol

·         Glycerol

Equipments:

·         Same as above.

Procedure:

            Determine the density and viscosity of ethanol, glycol, and glycerol liquids at room temperature as in Experiment No 8.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Observation: 

Sr No.	Liquid	Time taken to flow of Liquid b/w two points	Average

Weight of empty pycnometer =W1=

Weight of pycnometer + Liquid= W2=

Weight of liquid=W2 – W1 =W3=

Volume of pycnometer=V=

Density of liquid=m/v=

 

 

Calculation

Density of Water=d2=

Density of liquid=d1=

Determine viscosity by formula given below

        n1 =    n2   =

η1 = viscosity of Paracetamol suspension=

η2 = viscosity of purified water=

d2 = density of purified water=

d1 = density of Paracetamol suspension=

t1 = flow time of suspension b/w 2 points=

t2 = flow time of purified water b/w 2 points=

Result:

            Viscosity of liquid increase with the increase in Hydrogen bonding

Plot bar graph b/w liquids and viscosity.