Lab Protocols
Ø No food or drink or
smoking is allowed in lab. Tie back long hair, restrain loose clothing and
jewelry.
Ø Locate
exits,fireextinguishers,first aid kit,sharps containers and eyewash station in
your laboratory.
Ø There are NO open lab
hours. All labs can be done within the allotted amount of time, providing you
prepare for the lab.
Ø When Handling dangerous
substances, wear gloves, laboratory coats,and Safety shield or glasses.
Ø Do not use your mouth to
ingest chemicals or pipette any substance.
Ø Clean up your work area
before leaving
Ø Wash hands before leaving
the lab and before heating.
Ø Do not store food in
laboratories.
Ø Do not leave an outgoing
experiment unattended.
Ø Never test anything.
Ø Never use open flames in
laboratory unless instructed by Teacher.
Ø Never do unauthorized
experiment.
Ø Never allow a solvent to
come in contact with your skin.
Ø Never smell a solvent.
Ø Read label on solvent
bottle to identify contents.
Ø Never return Chemicals to
reagent bottles.
Ø Always Wear Safety glasses
or goggles when Working with dangerous chemical.
Ø Some Times You Will be told to use a certain concentration of
solution.
Ø If you Spill achemical
wipe it up immediately.
Ø Consult with the
instructor for instruction when disposing of sharp, or contaminated supplies,
or for the disposal of chemicals.
|
Sr. # |
EXPERIMENT |
SIGNATURE |
|
1. |
Determination
of Specific Gravity of a Given Liquid by Pycnometer. Determination
of Specific Gravity of Known & Unknown Concentration of Alcohol |
|
|
2. |
Determination
of Viscosity of Given Liquid by Ostwald’s Method |
|
|
3. |
Preparation
of Simple Syrup (BP)& (USP) |
|
|
4. |
Preparation of Tolu Balsam Syrup (BP) |
|
|
5. |
Prepare
30 ml OF Aromatic Elixirs |
|
|
6. |
Prepare
100ml Phenol Gargles |
|
|
7. |
Preparation of Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash |
|
|
8. |
Preparation of Sodium Bicarbonate ear drops |
|
|
9. |
Preparation of Iodine tincture |
|
|
10. |
Preparation of camphor water |
|
|
11. |
Preparation of Tooth paste |
|
|
12. |
Preparation of Shampoo |
|
|
13. |
Preparation of hydrophillic petrolatum ointment |
|
|
14. |
Preparation of Calamine Lotion |
|
INDEX
Glossary of Commonly Used Excipients
---------------Diluents---------------
1.
Lactose
2.
Dextrose
3.
Calcium Carbonate
4.
Sodium Chloride
5.
Kaolin
6.
Sorbitol
7.
Micro Crystalline Cellulose
8.
Mannitol USP
9.
Sucrose Powder USP
10. Directly Compressible
Starches
---------------Disintegrants---------------
11. Starch
3 ---
15 %
12. Pregelatinized Starch 5 ---
10%
13. Sodium Starch Glycolate 2
---10 %
14. Microcrystalline
Cellulose 5
---15%
15. Sodium Alginate 2.5
---10%
16. Carboxy Methyl Cellulose
Calcium 1 --- 20%
17. Alginic acid
18. Magnesium Aluminium
Silicate 2 --- 10%
---------------Binders---------------
19. Acacia 1 ---5%
20. Gelatin
21. Liquid Glucose 5 ---10%
22. Guar Gum
10%
23.Pregelatinized Starch
5 ---10%
24. Povidone (PVP) 0.5--- 5 %
25.Sodium
Alginate
1 --- 3%
26. Dextrin
27. Methyl Cellulose
1 --- 20 %
28.
Hydroxy
Propyl Methyl Cellulose
2 --- 10%
---------------Lubricants---------------
29. Calcium Stearate
1 % or less
30. Magnesium Stearate 0.25
--- 2 %
31. Stearic acid
1 --- 3 %
32. Talc
1 --- 4 %
33. Colloidal Silicon
Dioxide
0.5 %
34. Mineral Oil
35. Castor Oil
0.1 --- 2 %
---------------Glidants---------------
36. Colloidal Silicon Dioxide
37. Magnesium Stearate
38. Talc
39. Corn Starch
---------------Anti-Adherents---------------
40. Magnesium Stearate
41. Talc
42. Carb-o-sil
43. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
---------------Anti Microbial Preservatives---------------
44. Benzyl alcohol
45. Benzethonium Chloride
46. Butyl Paraben
47. Phenol
48. Propyl Paraben
49. Methyl Paraben
----------Solubilizers,Wetting
Agents or Emulsifiers----------
50. Dimethyl Acetamide
51. Dioctyl Sodium
Sulfosuccinate/Lecithin
52. Povidone
53. Propylene Glycol
54. Polyethylene Glycol
---------------Buffers---------------
55. Acetic acid
56. Benzoic acid and Sodium Benzoate
57. Citric acid
58. Lactic acid
59. Potassium Phosphate
60. Sodium Acetate
61. Sodium Carbonate
62. Sodium Bicarbonate
---------------Tonicity
Modifiers---------------
63. Glycerin
64. Lactose
65. Mannitol
66. Sodium Sulphate Sorbitol
---------------Suspending
Agents---------------
67. Methyl Cellulose
68. Pectin
69. Polyethylene Glycol 4000
---------------Chelating
Agents---------------
70. Edetate Disodium
71. Edetate Calcium Disodium
---------------Antoxidants---------------
72. Ascorbic acid
73. Citric acid
74. Thiourea
75. Sodium Formaldehyde
76. Tocopherols
SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION
“Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a
reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass
of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume.”
Or
“The
ratio of the density of any substance to the density of some other substance
taken as standard, water being the standard for liquids and solids, and
hydrogen or air being the standard for gases.”
Determination
of Specific Gravity of a Given Liquid by Pycnometer
Specific Gravity
It
is the ratio of mass of a substance to the mass of equal volume of water.
Apparatus
Weighing balance ,Pycnometer , Pipette , Beaker , Graduated cylinder.
Chemicals
·
Alcohol
·
CCl4
Procedure
1. 
Take a pycnometer. Wash the
pycnometer with water thoroughly and rinse it with small quantity of acetate.
Let the pycnometer be dried.
2. Weigh the empty pycnometer
with stopper and note the reading.
3. Calibrate the pycnometer
and fill with water and again weigh the pycnometer.
4. Now fill with assigned
liquid and filled it according to calibration and weigh. Take three readings
and calculate the average value.
Formula
Specific Gravity =
Weight of substance
Weight of equal amount of water
Determination
of Specific Gravity of Known & Unknown Concentration of Alcohol
Apparatus
Weighing balance, Pycnometer , Pipette , Beaker , Graduated cylinder.
Chemicals
·
10% Alcohol
·
20% Alcohol
·
30% Alcohol
·
40% Alcohol
·
Unknown concentration of Alcohol
·
Distilled Water
Procedure
1. Take a pycnometer. Wash the
pycnometer with water thoroughly and rinse it with small quantity of acetate.
Let the pycnometer be dried.
2. Weigh the empty pycnometer
and note the reading.
3. Calibrate the pycnometer
and water and weigh pycnometer.
4. Fill the pycnometer with
10% alcohol & weight it. By using formula calculate its specific gravity.
5. Repeat the procedure with
remaining concentration of 20% , 30% , 40% & unknown concentration.
6. Calculate the specific
gravity of all the concentration of alcohol.
7. Make a graph on graph
paper by taking %age composition on x-axis &specific gravity on y-axis. A
straight line is obtained.
Uses
·
Used in identification of substance. Every substance has a
specific gravity & by determining specific gravity identifies the
substance.
·
Determine unknown concentration of solution.
VISCOSITY
DETERMINATION
“The
viscosityof a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual
deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.”
The unit of dynamic viscosity are Poise (P)
¢ipoises(cp)
A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an
instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid.
Determination
of Viscosity of Given Liquid by Ostwald’s Method
Theory
It is defined as a measure
of the resistance of fluid to deformation under shear stress.
Apparatus
Ostwald’s viscometer,
Pycnometer , Beaker , Stop watch , weighing balance , stand.
Chemicals
Benzene, Propylene glycol , Distilled Water.
Procedure
Wash the viscometer & let it dry.
Determine the density of water with pycnometer. Now fill the viscometer with
water up-to the mark ‘C’ than allow it to fall upto the mark ‘D’ & note the
time of fall from ‘C’ to ‘D’ by using stop watch. Take at least three readings
& find its mean value.
Similarly, the time of
fall is noted for assigned liquid & takes 3 readings.
By using following formula
the viscosity for assigned liquid can be calculated.
Formula
Viscosity of liquid =ɳL = tL x dLx
ɳw
twx dw
SYRUP
‘’Syrups are concentrated, aqueous
preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without added medicinal
substances and flavoring agents’’
Preparation
of Simple Syrup (BP)
Apparatus:
·
Beaker
·
Graduated cylinder
·
Stirrer
·
Filter paper
·
Weighing balance
·
Conical flask
Chemicals:
·
Sucrose --- 667.0 g
·
Purified water --- Q.S up to 1000 ml
Procedure:
1. Transfer weighed amount of
sucrose in a conical flask.
2. Add sufficient amount of
purified water.
3. Make the syrup by heating
or by agitation method.
4. Macerate it with cold
water or heat the solution.
5. It can also be agitated to
accelerate the solubilization.
6. If necessary filter the
syrup.
7. Store in a dried container
with proper label.
Uses:
·
Sweetening agent.
·
Flavoring agent.
·
Pharmaceutical aid.
Role of ingredients:
Sucrose: Used as a sweetening agent.
Distilled water: Used as a vehicle
Preparation of
Simple Syrup (USP)
Apparatus
Beaker,
Graduated cylinder, Stirrer, Filter paper,
Weighing balance, conical flask.
Chemicals
·
Sucrose
850 g
·
Purified water
Q.S up to 1000 ml
Procedure
1. Transfer weighed amount
i.e. 850 g of sucrose in a conical flask.
2. Add sufficient amount of
purified water.
3. Make the syrup by heating
or by agitation method.
4. Macerate it with cold
water or heat the solution.
5. It can also be agitated
and accelerate the solubilization.
6. If necessary filter the syrup.
7. Store in a dried container
with proper label.
Uses
·
Sweetening agent.
·
Flavoring agent.
·
Pharmaceutical aid.
Role Of Ingredients
·
Sucrose used as sweetening
agent.
·
Distilled water used as vehicle.
Preparation of
Tolu Balsam Syrup (BP)
Apparatus:
·
Burner
·
Beaker
·
Funnel
·
Cotton Swab
·
Graduated Cylinder
·
Stirrer
·
Pestle and mortar
·
Filter Paper
·
Weighing balance
Chemicals:
l Tolu Balsam tincture* …………………………….. 50 ml (*100gm tolu balsam in alcohol
q.s 1000ml)
l Magnesium carbonate ………………………..10 g
l Sucrose ………………….. 820 g
l Purified water ……………………1000 ml q.s
Procedure:
Triturate the tincture, magnesium carbonate
& 60gm sucrose in a mortar. Gradually add 430ml purified water in
trituration filter. Dissolve the remaining
sucrose by placing remaining 760gm of sucrose in a percolator( which is
plugged at the neck with cotton and moistened with few drops of water). Pour
the above filtrate in this sucrose and regulate the outflow to a steady drip of
percolate when all liquid has run through, return portions of the percolate if
necessary to dissolve all the sucrose. Pass sufficient quantity of purified
water through the cotton to make 1000ml and mix.
Uses
*Cough
suppressant * Laxative 
ELIXIRS
‘’Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydro-alcoholic preparations intended
for oral use and are usually flavored to enhance their palatability’’
Prepare 30
ml OF Aromatic Elixirs
Apparatus:
·
Burner
·
Beaker
·
Funnel
·
Cotton Swab
·
Graduated Cylinder
·
Stirrer
·
Pestle and mortar
·
Filter Paper
·
Weighing balance
Ingredient:
Purified alcohol………………….. 7.5 ml
Peppermint
oil …………………… 0.0725 ml
Syrup ……………………. 11.25 ml
Talc ………………….. 0.9 ml
Procedure:
u First take beaker and pour
3.5 ml of purified alcohol and add required
amount of
Peppermint oil and stir it
well.
u Then after that add 4 ml
of purified alcohol again stir it well.
u After stirring add small
quantity of syrup at a time in a beaker and
then add
Talc to it and stir again
well. So no crystal left in the solution.
u After that filter your 
solution by filter paper and put in a
measuring cylinder and measure 30 ml. Aromatic elixirs U.S.P. are prepared and
collected to bottle.
Uses:
In pharmacy alcohol is used as a solvent and
for administering medicine is largely used
As a vehicle and flavoring agent.
GARGLES
Gargles are
aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infection. Usually they are
dispensed in concentrated form with directions for dilution with warm water
before use.
Prepare
100ml Phenol Gargles
Apparatus:
·
Beaker
·
Funnel
·
Graduated Cylinder
·
Stirrer
·
Filter Paper
·
Weighing balance
Chemicals:
l Phenol glycerin 5ml
l Amaranth solution 1ml
l Water up to 100ml
Procedure:
l Mix amaranth solution (1%
w/v in chloroform) with small amount of water.
l Add phenol glycerin (16% w/w phenol and 84%
w/w glycerin) and mix.
l To this incorporate more
of vehicle to produce the required volume. Transfer to a container.
Uses :
Prevent throat infections
Precautions:
Gargles should be
dispensed in clear, fluted glass bottles.
MOUTHWASH
‘’An aqueous
solution containing one or more active ingredients which are intended for use
in contact with mucous membrane of oral cavity.’’
Preparation of Sodium
Chloride Mouth Wash
Apparatus
·
Beaker
·
Measuring cylinder
·
Stirrer
·
Weighing balance
Ingredients
·
Sodium bicarbonate
--- 10.0 g
·
Sodium chloride
--- 15.0 g
·
Conc. Peppermint emulsion2 --- 25.0 ml
·
Double strength chloroform water1 --- 500.0 ml
·
Purified water
--- Q.S up to 1000.0 ml
Procedure
1. Dissolve sodium bicarbonate and sodium
chloride in purified water.
2. Add concentrated
peppermint emulsion and mix.
3. Add double
strength chloroform water.
4. Add sufficient
purified water to produce 1000 ml.
1Procedure for double strength chloroform
water
1. Measure required
amount of chloroform and dissolve it in purified water by vigorous shaking.
2. Chloroform is
completely dissolved in water by repeatedly shaking the solution.
3. Transfer aromatic
water in well cleaned amber colored container and close it tightly.
2Procedure
for concentrated peppermint emulsion:
1. Mix peppermint
oil with the polysorbate 20 by shaking.
2. Add gradually
with double strength chloroform water.
3. Add sufficient
purified water to produce 100 ml with shaking.
Uses:
·
Fresh breath.
·
Antiseptic
·
Deodorant effect in oral cavity.
Role of ingredients:
Sodium
bicarbonate: antiseptic,
antipruritic.
Peppermint: flavoring agent.
Glycerin: acts as a
sweetener and viscosity enhancer
Water: as a
vehicle.
EAR DROPS
‘’These are
liquid preparations and usually are suspension or emulsion or solution of one
or more medicament in vehicles suitable for instillation into the ear’’
Preparation of Sodium
Bicarbonate Ear Drops
Apparatus:
·
Beaker
·
Graduated cylinder
·
Spatula
·
Stirrer
·
Watch Glass
·
Weighing balance
Ingredients:
l Sodium Bicarbonate --- 5.0g
·
Glycerin --- 30ml
·
Distilled Water --- Q.S up to 100ml
Procedure:
1.
Dissolve weighed amount of Sodium bicarbonate in a portion
of distilled water.
2.
Add Glycerin and mix it well.
3.
Add sufficient purified water to make up volume to 100ml.
Uses:
l
Anti-infective.
·
Anti-pruritic.
Role of ingredients:
Sodium bicarbonate: Anti-infective, anti-pruritic
(Anti-itch)
Glycerin: Preservative,
Hygroscopic. It increases contact time.
TINCTURE
‘’Tinctures are alcoholic or
hydro-alcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical
substances’’
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE-ISLAMABAD CAMPUS
Preparation of Iodine
Tincture
Apparatus:
·
Beaker
·
Measuring cylinder
·
Pestle & mortar
·
Stirrer
·
Watch glass
·
Weighing balance
Ingredients:
·
Iodine --- 20 g
·
Sodium iodide
--- 24 g
·
Ethanol 90% --- 500 ml
·
Distilled water
--- Q.S up to 1000
ml
Procedure:
1.
Weigh the required quantity of iodine and sodium iodide.
2.
Triturate sodium iodide in small amount of water and then add
iodine in it.
3.
Triturate again and add 500 ml of ethanol.
4.
Transfer the solution to the measuring cylinder and make the
volume up to 1000 ml with distilled water.
Uses:
·
It is use as an anyi infective agent.
Role of
ingredients:
Iodine: Used as
anti-infective and anti-bacterial
Sodium iodide:
For solubility of iodine.
Ethanol: used as
solvent and vehicle.
AROMATIC WATER
‘’Aromatic waters are clear, aqueous solutions, saturated with volatile
oils or other aromatic or volatile substances’’
Preparation of Camphor
Water
Apparatus:
·
Beaker
·
Measuring cylinder
·
Stirrer
·
Weighing balance
Ingredients:
·
Camphor 40g
·
Ethyl alcohol
600ml
·
Purified water Q.S
1000ml
Procedure:
1-
Dissolve the weighed amount of camphor in ethanol.
2-
Add alcoholic solution drop-wise in purified water with shaking.
3-
Afterwards shake occasionally until all the camphor is dissolved.
4-
If necessary, filter the solution and store in a closed container.
Uses:
·
Vehicle
·
Pharmaceutical aid
·
Carminative
Role of ingredients:
·
Camphor
Counter irritant
·
Ethyl alcohol
Preservative
·
Purified water
Vehicle
SHAMPOO
‘’A solution, suspension or emulsion used to clean the hair and scalp’’
Preparation of Shampoo
Definition
It is a hair care product
used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental
pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair. The
goal is to remove the unwanted build-up without stripping out so much sebum as
to make hair manageable.
SAPONIFICATION : Process in which
number of KOH required to neutralize the fatty acid liberated from 1g of fat.
Apparatus
Beaker, weighing balance,
water bath, stirrer, thermometer, pipette, measuring cylinder and spatula.
Standard Formula
Sodium lauryl sulphate …………….25g
Sodium Chloride ……………………….2g
Sodium hydroxide …………………….2g
Methyl paraben…………………………0.1g
Eosin…………………………………………..Few drops
Stearic acid ………………………………..6.5g
Lanolin…………………………………….….0.25g
Cetyl alcohol ……………………………...0.25g
Rose Water………………………………...Few drops
Water …………………………………………67.75ml
Procedure:
Melt Stearic acid, lanolin and SLS in
80% of water at 80 Celsius. Now heat sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, methyl
paraben and cetyl alcohol with remaining 20% of water. Now add molten mixture
slowly to avoid foaming. Add eosin and rose water and label it and dispense it.
Role Of Ingredients:
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate ……… As Surfactant
Sodium Chloride ………………… As thickening agent
and conditioner
Sodium Hydroxide ……………… Sponificant
Methyl Paraben …………………. Stabilizing
Agent
Eosin …………………………………… Cooling Agent
Stearic acid …………………………. As Base and
Gives Consistency
Lanolin ………………………………… As Conditioner
Cetyl Alcohol
……………………….. As Emulsifying Agent
Rose Water …………………………. For Fragrance
Water…………………………………… As External Phase
Uses:
It removes grease and dirt particles from Hair and Scalp.
TOOTHPASTE
‘’A type of
dentrifice applied on teeth with tooth brush for cleaning of accessible
surfaces of teeth. They enhance the appearance of teeth, reduce tooth decay,
bad odor of mouth and making gums healthy’’
Preparation of Toothpaste
Apparatus:
Pestle and mortar, beaker
, spatula , stirrer , weighing balance
Ingredients:
1. Sodium monoflouro
phosphate 2g
2. Methyl paraben 0.5g
3. Sodium alginate 3.5g
4. Calcium carbonate 2g
5. Sodium larylsulphate 2g
6. Sorbitol and peppermint 2 drops
7. Water q/s 100g
Procedure:
Weigh all ingredients.
In 31.75ml of water add methyl paraben ,
sodium alginate , calcium carbonate and sodium lauryl sulphate . Now Make dispersion
of Sodium monoflourophosphate in 10ml of
water . Add it to above base and mix the both solutions and add flavourants and
perfuming agents . Make final volume upto100g and label it .
Role of Ingredients:
a) Sodium monoflouro
phosphate as source of fluoride and protects dental
cavity
b) Methylparaben as preservative
c) Sodium larylsulphate as thickening agent
d) Calcium carbonate source of calcium and gives strength
e) Sodium larylsulphate as surfactant
f) Sorbitol&Peppermint flavourants
Uses:
It is used for cleaning teeth and
protects dental cavity
OINTMENT
Preparation
of Hydrophilic Petrolatum (USP)
Ingredients
·
Cholesterol …………………………………. 3 g
·
Stearylalcohol ……………………………. 3 g
·
White wax
………………………………….8 g
·
White petrolatum ……………………….86 g
·
To make ………………………………………100 g
Procedure
1. Melt the stearyl alcohol
and white wax together.
Note: Boiling wax is extremely
flammable. Do not bring the wax to a boil.
2. Add the cholesterol, and
stir completely dissolved.
3. Add the white petrolatum,
and mix.
4. Allow to cool, and stir
until the mixture begins to congeal.
Notes
·
This base contains no water.
·
Absorption means that the base can absorb water i.e., it has
nothing to do with drug absorption.
·
Because cholesterol is
a surfactant with a low HLB, a certain amount of water can as a co-emulsifier
and, along with white wax, gives firmness and heat stability to the product.
·
The anhydrous base is suitable for water unstable drugs.
·
A commercial absorption base is Aquaphor.
CALAMINE
LOTION
A liquid, usually
aqueous or sometimes alcoholic preparation containing insoluble material in the
form of a suspension or emulsion, intended for external application without
rubbing, in such skin conditions as itching, infection, allergy, pain, or the
like
Preparation
of Calamine lotion
Apparatus:
·
Pestle and mortar
·
Measuring Cylinder
·
Weighing balance
·
Dispensing bottles
·
Spatula
Ingredients:
·
Calamine;
_ 150.0g
·
Zinc oxide; _ 50.0g
·
Bentonite ; _ 30.0g
·
Sodium citrate; _ 5.0g
·
Liquid phenol; _ 5.0ml
·
Glycerin; _ 50.0ml
·
Rose water; _ Q.S to 1000.0 ml
Procedure:
1. Prepare Sodium citrate
solution in sufficient quantity (700ml) of rose water.
2. Triturate calamine, Zinc
oxide and Bentonite in mortar with pestle.
3. Mix it with sodium citrate
solution and liquid phenol and mix it thoroughly.
4. Then add glycerin and
finally make up the volume with rose water.
Uses:
·
Anti-itching (anti pruritic).
·
Protects against sun burns.
·
Relieves skin irritation.
·
Used against insect bite.
Role of ingredients:
Bentonite; As a suspending agent.
Calamine; Anti-itching.
Zinc
oxide; Skin protection.
Glycerol; Emollient.
Liquid phenol; Preservative.
Sodium citrate; deflocculating agent.
Rose water; Vehicle.
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